{"id":8823,"date":"2023-03-23T17:07:15","date_gmt":"2023-03-23T15:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/?page_id=8823"},"modified":"2023-06-22T11:55:47","modified_gmt":"2023-06-22T08:55:47","slug":"gripa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/gripa\/","title":{"rendered":"Gripa"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Gripa<\/span> <\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t<\/i><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Generalit\u0103\u021bi<\/strong>: Gripa este o infec\u021bie zoonotic\u0103 acut\u0103 a c\u0103ilor respiratorii cauzat\u0103 de virusurile Influenza<\/em>, cu poten\u021bial epidemic \u0219i pandemic foarte ridicat prin contagiozitatea sporit\u0103, precum \u0219i prin apari\u021bia periodic\u0103 de noi tulpini virale. Virusurile Myxovirus influenzae<\/em> fac parte din familia Orthomyxoviridae, <\/em>materialul genetic aflat \u00een componen\u021ba acestora fiind de tip ARN. Exist\u0103 4 tipuri de virusuri gripale: A, B (responsabile de epidemiile sezoniere), C (f\u0103r\u0103 poten\u021bial epidemic) \u0219i D (afecteaz\u0103 strict animalele). La nivelul anvelopei virale prezint\u0103 dou\u0103 antigene de suprafa\u021b\u0103, respectiv hemaglutinina (HA), care faciliteaz\u0103 p\u0103trunderea virusului \u00een celule \u0219i neuraminidaza, cu ajutorul c\u0103reia copii ale virusului ini\u021bial se desprind de celula infectat\u0103. Muta\u021biile genetice care se soldeaz\u0103 cu apari\u021bia unei noi tulpini virale presupun apari\u021bia unei variante modificate de hemaglutinin\u0103 sau neuraminidaz\u0103. \u00cen prezent sunt identificate 18 tipuri de HA \u0219i 11 tipuri de NA. Apari\u021bia unei noi tulpini cu poten\u021bial epidemic \u00eenalt se produce de obicei printr-o muta\u021bie la nivelul antigenelor de suprafa\u021b\u0103 care sufer\u0103 ulterior un \u201dsalt\u201d \u00eentre specii, \u00eendeosebi de la pas\u0103re la om.<\/span><\/p>

Transmitere<\/strong>: Virusurile gripale se transmit cel mai adesea direct, prin inhalarea de aerosoli infectan\u021bi emi\u0219i de c\u0103tre o persoan\u0103 bolnav\u0103, dar se pot transmite \u0219i indirect, prin intermediul obiectelor contaminate cu secre\u021bii respiratorii de c\u0103tre bolnav.<\/span><\/p>

Contagiozitatea<\/strong> este estimat\u0103 la peste 90%, cu varia\u021bii mari \u00een func\u021bie de tipul \u0219i tulpina viral\u0103, durata contactului, distan\u021ba dintre persoane, etc… Foarte important de re\u021binut este c\u0103 persoana infectat\u0103 este contagioas\u0103 cu c\u00e2teva zile \u00eenaintea debutului clinic \u0219i circa o s\u0103pt\u0103m\u00e2n\u0103 dup\u0103 primul simptom.<\/span><\/p>

Semne \u0219i simptome: <\/strong>Febr\u0103 \u00eenalt\u0103 (>38.5\u00b0C), frisoane, tuse (ini\u021bial seac\u0103, ulterior productiv\u0103), rinoree, dureri \u00een g\u00e2t, cefalee, alterarea st\u0103rii generale, sc\u0103derea apetitului, mialgii, artralgii, stare de sl\u0103biciune. La copii pot ap\u0103rea semne digestive precum grea\u021ba, v\u0103rs\u0103turile \u0219i diareea.<\/span><\/p>

Evolu\u021bie<\/strong>: \u00cen marea majoritate a cazurilor, este o boal\u0103 autolimitat\u0103, cu dispari\u021bia treptat\u0103 a simptomelor \u00een aproximativ 7 zile, dar exist\u0103 \u0219i cazuri severe, afect\u00e2nd \u00een special v\u00e2rstnicii, gravidele, indivizii cu afec\u021biuni cronice, \u00een cadrul c\u0103rora evolu\u021bia bolii este spre insuficien\u021b\u0103 respiratorie acut\u0103, necesit\u00e2nd internare \u0219i tratament de specialitate.<\/span><\/p>

Diagnostic<\/strong>: \u00cen prezen\u021ba simptomelor de grip\u0103, bolnavul se poate adresa medicului de familie sau\u00a0 unit\u0103\u021bii de primiri urgen\u021be (UPU) \u00een vederea efectu\u0103rii unui test rapid antigenic Influenza A + B, sau poate opta pentru achizi\u021bionarea unui test din farmacie.\u00a0 \u00cen formele u\u0219oare sau medii se va recomanda \u00een general tratament la domiciliu, formele severe sau cele care survin la pacien\u021bi cu comorbidit\u0103\u021bi importante vor fi direc\u021bionate c\u0103tre o clinic\u0103 de boli infec\u021bioase.<\/span><\/p>

Tratament<\/strong>: \u00cen formele u\u0219oare, tratamentul care vizeaz\u0103 atenuarea sindromului febril, inflamator \u0219i algic \u00eempreun\u0103 cu o alimenta\u021bie echilibrat\u0103 si un regim hidric corespunz\u0103tor pot fi suficiente.<\/span><\/p>

!Aspirina este contraindicat\u0103!<\/span><\/p>

Gripa beneficiaz\u0103 de tratament etiologic cu Oseltamivir (Tamiflu\/Segosana\/Ebilfumin) pentru administrare oral\u0103 \u0219i Zanamivir (Relenza) pentru administrare inhalatorie, acestea av\u00e2nd eficacitate terapeutic\u0103 propor\u021bional\u0103 cu precocitatea ini\u021bierii tratamentului \u0219i se adreseaz\u0103 \u00een special formelor medii sau severe de boal\u0103 \u0219i indivizilor la risc men\u021biona\u021bi anterior, dar numai la recomandarea unui specialist.<\/span><\/p>

Profilaxie:<\/strong> M\u0103surile de profilaxie colectiv\u0103 vizeaz\u0103 igienizarea riguroas\u0103 a m\u00e2inilor, utilizarea m\u0103\u0219tii de protec\u021bie \u00een aglomera\u021bii umane de c\u0103tre indivizi simptomatici sau de c\u0103tre persoanele la risc \u0219i gestionarea corect\u0103 a de\u0219eurilor infec\u021bioase (\u0219ervetele, batiste, m\u0103\u0219ti, etc…), care au venit \u00een contact cu secre\u021bii patologice. Dinamica epidemiologic\u0103 a gripei este \u00een continu\u0103 monitorizare de c\u0103tre autorit\u0103\u021bi na\u021bionale, europene \u0219i interna\u021bionale, pentru detectarea precoce de noi tulpini cu poten\u021bial epidemic, urm\u00e2nd a ac\u021biona \u00een cauz\u0103 cat mai repede prin m\u0103suri de limitare a transmiterii \u0219i eforturi pentru adaptarea formulei vaccinului antigripal.<\/span><\/p>

Cea mai eficienta metod\u0103 de profilaxie \u00eempotriva gripei r\u0103m\u00e2ne vaccinarea<\/strong>, care vreme de peste 75 de ani \u0219i-a demonstrat at\u00e2t eficien\u021ba c\u00e2t \u0219i siguran\u021ba asupra diminu\u0103rii mortalit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a formelor severe de boal\u0103.<\/span><\/p>

\u00cen Rom\u00e2nia, se utilizeaz\u0103 vaccinuri tetravalente (2 tulpini A \u0219i 2 tulpini B), \u00eencep\u00e2nd cu dou\u0103 doze la distan\u021b\u0103 de minim 28 de zile \u0219i continu\u00e2nd cu rapeluri anuale administrate \u00een timpul lunilor reci (octombrie-martie). Vaccinurile actualmente comercializate sunt administrate pe cale injectabil\u0103 intramuscular\u0103\/subcutanat\u0103 sau inhalatorie:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Denumire comercial\u0103<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Cale de administrare<\/strong><\/span><\/td>Componen\u021b\u0103<\/strong><\/span><\/td>V\u00e2rst\u0103 recomandat\u0103<\/strong><\/span><\/td><\/tr>
Influvac Tetra<\/span><\/td>Injectabil<\/span><\/td>Antigen de suprafa\u021b\u0103 inactivat<\/span><\/td>6 luni-\u221e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
Vaxigrip Tetra<\/span><\/td>Injectabil<\/span><\/td>Virion fragmentat inactivat<\/span><\/td>6 luni – \u221e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
Efluelda<\/span><\/td>Injectabil<\/span><\/td>Virion fragmentat inactivat<\/span><\/td>60 ani – \u221e<\/span><\/td><\/tr>
Fluenz Tetra<\/span><\/td>Spray<\/span><\/td>Virus viu atenuat<\/span><\/td>2 – 18 ani<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gripa Generalit\u0103\u021bi: Gripa este o infec\u021bie zoonotic\u0103 acut\u0103 a c\u0103ilor respiratorii cauzat\u0103 de virusurile Influenza, cu poten\u021bial epidemic \u0219i pandemic foarte ridicat prin contagiozitatea sporit\u0103, precum \u0219i prin apari\u021bia periodic\u0103<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8823","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8823","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8823"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8823\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/spitaljudeteanmures.ro\/scjm2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8823"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}